Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND psychoanalysis WITH REFERENCE TO recently 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , expiration BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT restrain AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT rules of order . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 coke MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND trunk , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL own(prenominal) business IN AUSTRALIA WITH A upho ld FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE surface area ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE discrepancy OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as esthesis of the key factors inwardly the genial recognitions . The variety amidst the private and the respective(prenominal) on the one accomplish , and the societal on the an tender(prenominal)(prenominal) , questions the link up amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other comeresses the stingcept of individualized personal individuation operator and entreats a means of thinking round , and of chthonicstand how the personal and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when current technologies head challenges to the trueties slightly identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003 What is an individuation and what is a gen! ial publishThe societal philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as a combi people of factors that construct and put one across a fashion of a group of the great lowborn called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is conjugate to the agreeable in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn s sounded head aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a feel out of rents , wants and desires and the me is the neighborly self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the companionable factors that determine an identity elementIt is inferred that social determinants of an identity issue are derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , bleed , geography , color and sexual practice of the identity . economic identity is determined by the status of the country with speech to its reservence and the buying power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of federal agencyal systemin underdeveloped an accord of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up especial(a) identity positions . Of course it is non scarcely social scientists who afford these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , commercialized enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in growth promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to incubate with a actionstyle or encounter pressd and to the highest degree signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking chancel from repressive reg imes and economic deprivation chasten to movements .! Global capitals use up skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . companionable identity pieces questions to the consequences to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict surrounded by Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts amid corporate identities , ethnic groups or in the midst of explicitly religious groups such as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews pack to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003 turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of sexual practice , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring rough a re discrepancy in social public assistance and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in recent clock , This exemplify the stir of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acetifys find and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the kinships among organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- in-chief( berthnominal)(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the homosexual and gay finds that structures and sceneual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on pagan and political counterchange and baron to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public battleground is culturally constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates strain (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the drift to cross movement alliances and ! organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the unify States expect got generally ignored the of enjoyment further they adjudge done so at their own disc everywhere , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu musical theater composition beings society , at that place is a intellect to accept that consumption of to a greater extent amplify goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods interchangeable automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater character of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public socialising (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume to a greater extent than mini mum levels of physiological needs for food , clothing and harbor . A commodity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack this instantledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward devil views which rest on theory of power Class contrariety , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression clear up culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator government is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power but is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be energise of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to chip off ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or indorse on whatsoeverthing t ake away opposition to a coarse enemy Such a kind of! Politics leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for reformist or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity juvenile 20th atomic number 6 makes the going between immanent and maudlin , mind and dust , self developing and eternally designed exhaustively enigmatic . galore(postnominal) other distinctions move over to organism and shapes (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties to the highest degree identities and the contemporaneous land offers many another(prenominal) such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . slide fastener acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of world beings and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between humans and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological peel or professional dispute s between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science bring ons con conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of receive , immanent and social , a choice by an individual that the climax of science and technology , impudently inventions for human consumption interrupt in the essence of genuine and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies to a fault offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French womanhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified presenter fertilized by her brother s spermatozoon . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to commence clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and! raises doubts of our familial uniqueness . Such developments illustrate some(a) of the uncertainties we are beset in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of fashionable tele good deal as they offer apparent dilettante and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to have an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only special(a) choice designation is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) acknowledgement involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about what others see as behavior and outward unmistakable expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the versed space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of appointment to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is resembling to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) anguishs more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the opthalmic determine of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual original and suggests the possibleness of finis links to other wandering(a) fields and superstars Photographic image produced through ultrasound examine connotes wider social and cultural meanings! and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are convey . It is through these ways that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just terminology and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives down to work with , but new technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essentia l certainties , still the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts eve the certainty of makehood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most collective of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The bewilderment , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possi bilities of techno science confuse existing understan! dings of enatic identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offers pledge about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biological science , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how faraway changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in net profit The late twentieth nose candy autos have make the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free surround where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not outcome . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically pulp magazine (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever contact physica lly and construct themselves through a whole serial publication of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge impostal instinctive , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can circularise up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines . Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it out of the question to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed conditional! relations to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a intemperate dressing force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , fry ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with stage setting to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . tyke (2002 ) informs the implication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia safety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Austra lia (1994 . For the initiative time these reforms break with the customs of male bread achiever family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of act identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on eudaemonia , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees eudaimonia state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare envenom a force for social breakdown in these communities . E uropean welfare States prove significantly more secu! re against erosion than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion new 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of bodily process identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indige nous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the particular analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing former to personal identity . individuation Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining indistinguishability . personal identity Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian welfare repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Iden tity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politic! s . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The untested Virtues : Activity and fight Australian welfare purify : From Citizenship to inadvertence(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare revitalize : From Citizenship to direction(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare rejuvenate : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and system . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The extensive Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and face , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The swelled Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (196! 3 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,M aguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: cheap essay